Dual targeting of CCr2 and CCR5 as thearpy for hepatocellular carcinoma: can we break immune tolerance?

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide for which, in case of advanced disease, the current standard therapy has limited survival benefit. HCC is an inlammation-related cancer and the link between chronic inflammation and tumour development and progression provides a promising target for the development of new HCC therapy. During advanced HCC, there is a state of unresponsiveness of the immune system against tumour cells/antigens, known as immune to tumour tolerance, which is mediated by specific tumour-assosicated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs procedure cytokines and chemokines that reduce cytotoxic lymphocytes and attract Tregs.