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Is the mechanism of systemic immune activation in XMRV-positive CFS patients similar to that observed in HIV?
Journal Contribution - Journal Article
Introduction: HIV-1 infection results in chronic activation of the immune system. It was suggested (Brenchley et al., Nature 2006) to occur through a breakdown of the mucosal barrier and stimulation of immune cells by microbial products.
CD14+ monocytes/macrophages secrete soluble CD14 (sCD14), which binds LPS and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the study cited above it was shown that LPS directly stimulates sCD14 production in vivo.
Earlier our group reported that serum LPS is significantly higher in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) patients compared to contact and non-contact controls.
Our hypothesis is that XMRV positive CFS patients also present with immune activation related to mucosal translocation in the gut.
Material & Methods: Fifteen XMRV positive CFS patients who fulfilled the Fukuda et al. criteria (1994) and matched controls were studied. The detection of XMRV was performed by LNCaP co-culture with PMCs as described by Lombardi et al. (2009).
We used commercially available ELISA's to quantify levels of sCD14, C4a and cytokines. Stool IgA was determined by Diagnos-Techs, Inc (Tukwila, Washington, USA). Statistical analysis was performed using an ANOVA T-test.
Results: XMRV positive CFS patients showed statistically significantly (p
Conclusion: Although it is too early to conclude that XMRV is a cause of CFS, the similarity with HIV-1 where microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation is striking.
A study in rhesus macaques infected with XMRV showed infected CD4+ T cells in the gastrointestinal tract. The frequency of infected XMRV cells in the gastrointestinal tract in these macaques increased from acute to chronic infection (Sharma et al.). The data of our study along with the findings in XMRV infected macaques ask for [suggests?] confirmation by performing gastrointestinal biopsy studies in XMRV-positive CFS patients.
CD14+ monocytes/macrophages secrete soluble CD14 (sCD14), which binds LPS and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the study cited above it was shown that LPS directly stimulates sCD14 production in vivo.
Earlier our group reported that serum LPS is significantly higher in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) patients compared to contact and non-contact controls.
Our hypothesis is that XMRV positive CFS patients also present with immune activation related to mucosal translocation in the gut.
Material & Methods: Fifteen XMRV positive CFS patients who fulfilled the Fukuda et al. criteria (1994) and matched controls were studied. The detection of XMRV was performed by LNCaP co-culture with PMCs as described by Lombardi et al. (2009).
We used commercially available ELISA's to quantify levels of sCD14, C4a and cytokines. Stool IgA was determined by Diagnos-Techs, Inc (Tukwila, Washington, USA). Statistical analysis was performed using an ANOVA T-test.
Results: XMRV positive CFS patients showed statistically significantly (p
Conclusion: Although it is too early to conclude that XMRV is a cause of CFS, the similarity with HIV-1 where microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation is striking.
A study in rhesus macaques infected with XMRV showed infected CD4+ T cells in the gastrointestinal tract. The frequency of infected XMRV cells in the gastrointestinal tract in these macaques increased from acute to chronic infection (Sharma et al.). The data of our study along with the findings in XMRV infected macaques ask for [suggests?] confirmation by performing gastrointestinal biopsy studies in XMRV-positive CFS patients.
Journal: Reviews in Antiviral Therapy & Infectious Diseases.
Pages: 36
Publication year:2010
Keywords:XMRV