Title Participants Abstract "Collective efficacy or team outcome confidence? Development and validation of the Observational Collective Efficacy Scale for Sports (OCESS)" "K Fransen, J Kleinert, L Dithurbide, Norbert Vanbeselaere, Filip Boen" "Although collective efficacy has been demonstrated to be an important precursor of team performance, there remains some ambiguity concerning its assessment. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to test the validity of previous collective efficacy measures. An online survey was completed by 4, 451 Flemish players and coaches from nine different team sports. The results revealed two distinct and reliable scales; process-oriented collective efficacy (i.e., the confidence in the team's skills to accomplish processes that could lead to successes) and outcome-oriented team confidence (i.e., the confidence in the team's ability to obtain a goal or win a game). Furthermore, we established the validity of a 5-item Observational Collective Efficacy Scale for Sports (OCESS) as short measure of process-oriented collective efficacy. Because the OCESS only includes observable behaviors, this scale has the potential to be a starting point for the development of a continuous in-game measure of collective efficacy." "Collective efficacy or team outcome confidence? Development and validation of the Observational Collective Efficacy Scale for Sports (OCESS)" "Katrien Fransen, Norbert Vanbeselaere, Filip Boen" "Although collective efficacy has been demonstrated to be an important precursor of team performance, there remains some ambiguity concerning its assessment. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to test the validity of previous collective efficacy measures. An online survey was completed by 4,451 Flemish players and coaches from nine different team sports. The results revealed two distinct and reliable scales; process-oriented collective efficacy (i.e., the confidence in the team’s skills to accomplish processes that could lead to successes) and outcome-oriented team confidence (i.e., the confidence in the team’s ability to obtain a goal or win a game). Furthermore, we established the validity of a 5-item Observational Collective Efficacy Scale for Sports (OCESS) as short measure of process-oriented collective efficacy. Because the OCESS only includes observable behaviors, this scale has the potential to be a starting point for the development of a continuous in-game measure of collective efficacy." "The relationship between the activities-specific balance confidence scale and balance performance, self-perceived handicap, and fall status in patients with peripheral dizziness or imbalance" "Nolan Herssens, Eva SWINNEN, Bieke Dobbels, Paul Van de Heyning, Vincent Van Rompaey, Ann Hallemans, Luc Vereeck" "Objective: Describe the relationship between the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale and Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) with balance performance, as well as fall status in patients with peripheral vestibular disorders. Study Design: Retrospective. Setting: Outpatient balance clinic, tertiary referral center. Patients: Data from 97 patients (age: 54.8 +/- 12.3 yrs; 48 women) with dizziness or imbalance symptoms of peripheral vestibular origin were used for analysis. Intervention(s): / Main Outcome Measure(s): ABC-scores, DHI-scores, static and dynamic balance tests, and fall status of the past 4 weeks, 2 months, and 6 months before the time of measurement were collected. Spearman's rho correlations, chi(2) with post-hoc testing, and Kruskal-Wallis with post-hoc Mann-Whitney U test results were interpreted. Results: The ABC- and DHI-scores show moderate correlations with static balance (ABC: r = 0.44; DHI: r = -0.34) and dynamic balance tests (ABC: r = [-0.47;0.56]; DHI: r = [-0.48;0.39]) and a strong inverse correlation with each other (ABC: 70 +/- 25; DHI: 33 +/- 26; r = -0.84). Related to fall status, weak correlations were found (ABC: r = [-0.29;-0.21]; DHI: r = [0.29;0.33]). Additional results show that subjects in the low-level functioning (ABC) or severe self-perceived disability (DHI) categories have a poorer balance assessed by standing balance, Timed-Up-and-Go and Functional Gait Assessment and are more likely to have experienced multiple falls. Conclusions: The ABC-scale and DHI showed a strong convergent validity, additionally the ABC-scale showed a better concurrent validity with balance performances and the DHI with fall history. In general, patients with peripheral vestibular impairments reporting a lower self-confidence or a more severe self-perceived disability show worse balance performances and a higher fall incidence." "Acceptance, reliability and confidence of diagnosis of fetal and neonatal virtuopsy compared with conventional autopsy: a prospective study." "Mieke Cannie, P. Moerman, R. Vanheste, Veronique Segers, K; Van Berkel, M. Hanssens, T. Cos, M. Kir, Lisa Balepa, L. Divano, Walter Foulon, Johan De Mey, J. Jani" "Objectives To compare prospectively maternal acceptance of fetal and neonatal virtuopsy with that of conventional autopsy and to determine the confidence with which magnetic resonance (MR) virtuopsy can be used to diagnose normality/abnormality of various fetal anatomical structures. Methods MR and/or computed tomography virtuopsy and conventional autopsy were offered to 96 women (102 fetuses/neonates) following termination of pregnancy (TOP), intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) or neonatal death. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the effect on maternal acceptance of virtuopsy and/or conventional autopsy of the age of the mother, gestational age at TOP or delivery after IUFD, order of pregnancy, parity, religion, type of caregiver obtaining consent and reason for death. When parents consented to both MR virtuopsy and conventional autopsy of fetuses = 20 weeks of gestation or neonates, the confidence with which MR virtuopsy could be used to diagnose normality/abnormality of various anatomical structures was determined on a scale in which conventional autopsy was considered gold standard. On autopsy we classified fetuses/neonates as having either normal or abnormal anatomical structures; these groups were analyzed separately. At virtuopsy, we indicated confidence of diagnosis of normality/abnormality of every anatomical structure in each of these two groups defined at autopsy, using a scale from 0 (definitely abnormal) to 100 (definitely normal). Results Of the 96 women, 99% (n = 95) consented to virtuopsy and 61.5% (n = 59) to both conventional autopsy and virtuopsy; i.e. 36 (37.5%) consented to virtuopsy alone. Maternal acceptance of conventional autopsy was independently positively related to singleton pregnancy, non-Moslem mother, earlier gestation at TOP or delivery afer IUFD and a maternalfetal medicine specialist obtaining consent. Thirty-three fetuses = 20 weeks of gestation had both conventional autopsy and MR virtuopsy, of which 19 had a full autopsy including the brain. In fetuses with normal anatomical structures at conventional autopsy, MR virtuopsy was associated with high diagnostic confidence (scores > 80) for the brain, skeleton, thoracic organs except the heart, abdominal organs except the pancreas, ureters, bladder and genitals. In fetuses with abnormal anatomical structures at autopsy, MR virtuopsy detected the anomalies with high confidence (scores" "Relationship between trunk control, core muscle strength and balance confidence in community-dwelling patients with chronic stroke" "Geert Verheyden" "BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Impaired trunk control and core muscle weakness affect balance capacity after stroke, but confirmatory literature is lacking. The objective was to examine the relationship between trunk control, core muscle strength and self-confidence on balance efficacy in community-dwelling chronic stroke survivors and to identify trunk performance measures for determining balance confidence. METHODS: Patients with a median post-stroke duration of 12 (IQR 7-18) months and independent walking ability participated in this cross-sectional study. Trunk control, core muscle strength and balance confidence were measured using trunk impairment scale 2.0 (TIS 2.0), handheld dynamometer and activity-specific balance confidence scale, respectively. Correlation among TIS 2.0, core muscle strength and balance confidence were tested by Pearson's correlation coefficient. Stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the most important trunk performance variables determining balance confidence. RESULTS: Of 177 study participants, the median (IQR) score for TIS 2.0 was 10 (7-12) out of 16 and for balance confidence 41 (27-61) out of 100. Trunk control was highly correlated to overall core muscles strength (r = 0.61-0.70, p" "Mapping global trends in vaccine confidence and investigating barriers to vaccine uptake" "Alexandre de Figueiredo, Clarissa Simas, Emilie Karafillakis, Pauline Paterson" "Background There is growing evidence of vaccine delays or refusals due to a lack of trust in the importance, safety, or effectiveness of vaccines, alongside persisting access issues. Although immunisation coverage is reported administratively across the world, no similarly robust monitoring system exists for vaccine confidence. In this study, vaccine confidence was mapped across 149 countries between 2015 and 2019. Methods In this large-scale retrospective data-driven analysis, we examined global trends in vaccine confidence using data from 290 surveys done between September, 2015, and December, 2019, across 149 countries, and including 284 381 individuals. We used a Bayesian multinomial logit Gaussian process model to produce estimates of public perceptions towards the safety, importance, and effectiveness of vaccines. Associations between vaccine uptake and a large range of putative drivers of uptake, including vaccine confidence, socioeconomic status, and sources of trust, were determined using univariate Bayesian logistic regressions. Gibbs sampling was used for Bayesian model inference, with 95% Bayesian highest posterior density intervals used to capture uncertainty. Findings Between November, 2015, and December, 2019, we estimate that confidence in the importance, safety, and effectiveness of vaccines fell in Afghanistan, Indonesia, Pakistan, the Philippines, and South Korea. We found significant increases in respondents strongly disagreeing that vaccines are safe between 2015 and 2019 in six countries: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Serbia. We find signs that confidence has improved between 2018 and 2019 in some EU member states, including Finland, France, Ireland, and Italy, with recent losses detected in Poland. Confidence in the importance of vaccines (rather than in their safety or effectiveness) had the strongest univariate association with vaccine uptake compared with other determinants considered. When a link was found between individuals' religious beliefs and uptake, findings indicated that minority religious groups tended to have lower probabilities of uptake. Interpretation To our knowledge, this is the largest study of global vaccine confidence to date, allowing for crosscountry comparisons and changes over time. Our findings highlight the importance of regular monitoring to detect emerging trends to prompt interventions to build and sustain vaccine confidence. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd." "The Adaptation of a Measure of Confidence in Assessing, Formulating, and Managing Suicide Risk" "Olivia Kirtley" "Background: To date little has been done to evaluate the effectiveness of suicide risk formulation training. Aims: We aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of a new scale measuring clinicians' confidence in assessing, formulating, and managing suicide risk. Method: A total of 128 mental health practitioners from an UK National Health Service Trust completed the scale. Of them, 85 from an Improving Access to Psychological Therapies service did so before and after training in Risk Assessment, Formulation, and Management (RAFM); 28 practitioners from the Older Adults service also completed the measure. For test-retest analysis, a further 15 completed the scale again 1 week after baseline without attending any training. Of the training group, 52 (61%) completed the measure at the 6-month follow-up. Results: Analysis indicated a single-factor structure, good test-retest reliability, and statistically significant increases in confidence between pre- and posttraining and between pretraining and 6 month follow-up. Cohen's effect size values suggest a moderate-to-large effect. Limitations: The relatively small sample sizes indicate that this study should be considered a preliminary investigation of a new measure, which warrants further replication. Conclusion: This measure could be useful in gauging practitioners' confidence in the RAFM approach and in evaluating and developing training." "Acceptance, reliability and confidence of diagnosis of fetal and neonatal virtuopsy compared with conventional autopsy: a prospective study" "Philippe Moerman, Myriam Hanssens" "OBJECTIVES: To compare prospectively maternal acceptance of fetal and neonatal virtuopsy with that of conventional autopsy and to determine the confidence with which magnetic resonance (MR) virtuopsy can be used to diagnose normality/abnormality of various fetal anatomical structures. METHODS: MR and/or computed tomography virtuopsy and conventional autopsy were offered to 96 women (102 fetuses/neonates) following termination of pregnancy (TOP), intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) or neonatal death. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the effect on maternal acceptance of virtuopsy and/or conventional autopsy of the age of the mother, gestational age at TOP or delivery after IUFD, order of pregnancy, parity, religion, type of caregiver obtaining consent and reason for death. When parents consented to both MR virtuopsy and conventional autopsy of fetuses ≥ 20 weeks of gestation or neonates, the confidence with which MR virtuopsy could be used to diagnose normality/abnormality of various anatomical structures was determined on a scale in which conventional autopsy was considered gold standard. On autopsy we classified fetuses/neonates as having either 'normal' or 'abnormal' anatomical structures; these groups were analyzed separately. At virtuopsy, we indicated confidence of diagnosis of normality/abnormality of every anatomical structure in each of these two groups defined at autopsy, using a scale from 0 (definitely abnormal) to 100 (definitely normal). RESULTS: Of the 96 women, 99% (n = 95) consented to virtuopsy and 61.5% (n = 59) to both conventional autopsy and virtuopsy; i.e. 36 (37.5%) consented to virtuopsy alone. Maternal acceptance of conventional autopsy was independently positively related to singleton pregnancy, non-Moslem mother, earlier gestation at TOP or delivery afer IUFD and a maternal-fetal medicine specialist obtaining consent. Thirty-three fetuses ≥ 20 weeks of gestation had both conventional autopsy and MR virtuopsy, of which 19 had a full autopsy including the brain. In fetuses with normal anatomical structures at conventional autopsy, MR virtuopsy was associated with high diagnostic confidence (scores > 80) for the brain, skeleton, thoracic organs except the heart, abdominal organs except the pancreas, ureters, bladder and genitals. In fetuses with abnormal anatomical structures at autopsy, MR virtuopsy detected the anomalies with high confidence (scores < 20) for these same anatomical structures. However, in three cases, virtuopsy diagnosed brain anomalies additional to those observed at conventional autopsy. CONCLUSION: MR virtuopsy is accepted by nearly all mothers while conventional autopsy is accepted by about two-thirds of mothers, in whom refusal depends mainly on factors over which we have no control. Although conventional autopsy remains the gold standard, the high acceptance of virtuopsy makes it an acceptable alternative when the former is declined." "Photometric stereo with coherent outlier handling and confidence estimation" "Frank Verbiest, Luc Van Gool" "In photometric stereo a robust method is required to deal with outliers, such as shadows and non-Lambertian reflections. In this paper we rely on a probabilistic imaging model that distinguishes between inliers and outliers, and formulate the problem as a Maximum-Likelihood estimation problem. To signal which imaging model to use a hidden binary inlier map is introduced, which, to account for the fact that inlier/outlier pixels typically group together, is modelled as a Markov Random Field. To make inference of model parameters and hidden variables tractable a mean field Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is used. If for each pixel we add the scaled normal, i.e. albedo and normal combined, to the model parameters, it would not be possible to obtain a confidence estimate in the result. Instead, each scaled normal is added as a hidden variable, the distribution of which, approximated by a Gaussian, is also estimated in the EM algorithm. The covariance matrix of the recovered approximate Gaussian distribution serves as a confidence estimate of the scaled normal. We demonstrate experimentally the effectiveness or our approach. ©2008 IEEE." "Lack of confidence in administering emergency care among Dutch-speaking family physicians in Belgium." "Erwin Van De Vijver" "BACKGROUND: Practical knowledge of emergency medical care among physicians seems to be insufficient worldwide. Research specifically aimed at family physicians is rather scarce. Additionally, in Belgium there are no data on this subject. PURPOSES: Our aim was to ascertain how confident Belgian family physicians feel about their ability to give adequate emergency care and to examine their assessment of their knowledge of relevant medical conditions. METHODS: We used a web-based questionnaire for which a convenience sample of 974 Dutch-speaking family practitioners was invited through email. The survey assessed how these physicians perceived their own emergency skills and their knowledge of relevant medical conditions. RESULTS: The survey had a recruitment rate of 22% (n = 210), with a 75% completion rate. The minimum criteria formulated pertaining to skills and knowledge were met by 64% and 55% of the participants, respectively. The mean cumulative scores on skills and knowledge were 2.5 and 3.2, respectively (on a scale from 0 to 4). Physicians with additional training in emergency care (3.07 versus 2.72), or with a spirometry certificate (2.94 versus 2.72) scored better than those without. Practitioners from rural areas felt more confident than those from urbanized regions (3.25 versus 3.15). Physicians felt more competent in aspects of emergency care where they had experience. CONCLUSION: Almost half of the Dutch-speaking family physicians in Belgium felt insufficiently competent to offer emergency medical care."