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When Bertlmann Wears No Socks. Common Causes Induced by Measurements as an Explanation for Quantum Correlations Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Diederik Aerts, Massimiliano Sassoli De Bianchi
It is well known that correlations produced by common causes in the past can- not violate Bell’s inequalities. This was emphasized by Bell in his celebrated example of Bertlmann’s socks. However, if common causes are induced by the very measurement process i.e., actualized at each run of a joint measurement, in a way that depends on the type of joint measurement that is being executed (hence, the common causes are contextually actualized), the ...

Entanglement as a Method to Reduce Uncertainty Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Diederik Aerts, Jonito Aerts Arguëlles, Lester Beltran, Suzette Geriente, Sandro Sozzo

In physics, entanglement ‘reduces’ the entropy of an entity, because the (von Neumann) qentropy of, e.g., a composite bipartite entity in a pure entangled state is systematically lower than the entropy of the component sub-entities. We show here that this ‘genuinely non-classical reduction of entropy as a result of composition’ also holds whenever two concepts combine in human cognition and, more generally, it is valid in human culture. On ...

Entanglement in Cognition violating Bell Inequalities Beyond Cirel'son's Bound Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Diederik Aerts, Diederik Johannes Aerts, Lester Beltran, Suzette Geriente, Sandro Sozzo

We present the results of two tests where a sample of human participants were asked to make judgements about the conceptual combinations The Animal Acts and The Animal eats the Food. Both tests significantly violate the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt version of Bell inequalities (‘CHSH inequality’), thus exhibiting manifestly non-classical behaviour due to the meaning connection between the individual concepts that are combined. We then apply a ...

Development of a Thermodynamics of Human Cognition and Human Culture Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Diederik Aerts, Jonito Aerts Arguëlles, Lester Beltran, Sandro Sozzo
Inspired by foundational studies in classical and quantum physics, and by information retrieval studies in quantum information theory, we prove that the notions of 'energy' and 'entropy' can be consistently introduced in human language and, more generally, in human culture. More explicitly, if energy is attributed to words according to their frequency of appearance in a text, then the ensuing energy levels are distributed non-classically, ...

Human Perception as a Phenomenon of Quantization Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Diederik Aerts, Jonito Aerts Arguëlles
For two decades, the formalism of quantum mechanics has been successfully used to describe human decision processes, situations of heuristic reasoning, and the contextuality of concepts and their combinations. The phenomenon of 'categorical perception' has put us on track to find a possible deeper cause of the presence of this quantum structure in human cognition. Thus, we show that in an archetype of human perception consisting of the ...

On the Irreversible Journey of Matter, Life and Human Culture Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Diederik Aerts, Massimiliano Sassoli De Bianchi
Following in the footsteps of Schrödinger, we propose a unified view of matter, life and human culture, with particular emphasis on the role played by the second law of thermodynamics and the primordial matter–antimatter separation. In doing so, we highlight the fragility of ‘construction’ (order) and the robustness of ‘destruction’ (chaos), when they locally and contextually face each other within a same reality layer, and the power of ...

Violation of the Bell-CHSH inequality and marginal laws in a single-entity Bell-test experiment Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Diederik Aerts, Massimiliano Sassoli De Bianchi
We describe a simple experimental setting where joint measurements performed on a single (classical or quantum) entity can violate both the Bell-CHSH inequality and the marginal laws (also called no-signaling conditions). Once emitted by a source, the entity propagates within the space of Alice’s and Bob’s detection screens, with the measurements’ outcomes corresponding to the entity being absorbed or not absorbed in a given time interval. The ...

Modeling Human Decision-Making: An Overview of the Brussels Quantum Approach Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Diederik Aerts, Massimiliano Sassoli De Bianchi, Sandro Sozzo, Tomás Veloz González
We present the fundamentals of the quantum theoretical approach we have developed in the last decade to model cognitive phenomena that resisted modeling by means of classical logical and probabilistic structures, like Boolean, Kolmogorovian and, more generally, set theoretical structures. We firstly sketch the operational-realistic foundations of conceptual entities, i.e. concepts, conceptual combinations, propositions, decision-making entities, ...

Representing Attitudes Towards Ambiguity in Hilbert Space: Foundations and Applications, Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Sandro Sozzo
We provide here a general mathematical framework to model attitudes towards ambiguity which uses the formalism of quantum theory as a “purely mathematical formalism, detached from any physical interpretation”. We show that the quantum-theoretic framework enables modelling of the Ellsberg paradox, but it also successfully applies to more concrete human decision-making tests involving financial, managerial and medical decisions. In particular, we ...