Ready or not, here I come? A comparative study of non-cognitive and post-secondary education outcomes of grade retention. Ghent University
Grade retention is common in many educational systems. While generally supported by teachers
and policy makers, it is condemned by scientists as ineffective for improving achievement. Evidence
on non-cognitive outcomes is mixed, with studies finding both detrimental and beneficial sideeffects.
We argue that the contexts in which retained students reside explain whether retention
results in favorable or ...