The chronic toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles and $ZnCl_{2}$ to **Daphnia magna** and the use of different methods to assess nanoparticle aggregation and dissolution University of Antwerp
In this study, the effect of ZnO nanoparticles and ZnCl2 on growth, reproduction and accumulation of zinc in Daphnia magna was determined in a 21-day chronic toxicity test. A variety of techniques were used to distinguish the free zinc ion, dissolved, nanoparticle and aggregated zinc fraction in the Daphnia test medium. The results showed similar chronic effects on growth, reproduction and accumulation for the ZnO nanoparticles (EC10, 20, 50 ...