Titel Deelnemers "Korte inhoud" "Advances in inorganic, polymer and composite electrolytes: Mechanisms of Lithium-ion transport and pathways to enhanced performance" "Kato Daems, Poonam Yadav, Kamil Burak Dermenci, Joeri Van Mierlo, Maitane Berecibar" "The growing demand for enhanced batteries with higher energy density and safety is pushing lithium-ion battery technology towards solid-state batteries. Replacing the liquid with a solid electrolyte significantly improves safety by removing the possibility of leaking flammable organic solvents. Solid electrolytes also enable the use of lithium metal as anode material to obtain battery cells with higher energy density. This review summarizes the classification of all three state-of-the-art solid electrolyte types (inorganic, polymer and composite solid electrolytes) and their governing lithium ion transport mechanisms. Nevertheless, to make solid-state batteries applicable, improvements in ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte, low electrode-electrolyte interfacial resistance and high compatibility of the solid electrolyte with the electrodes are required. This review paper discusses improvement strategies for solid electrolytes to achieve high ionic conductivity, good flexibility, and high electrode compatibility. Enhanced ionic conductivity can be obtained by suppressing the polymer phase's crystallization (e.g., copolymerization, inorganic fillers, adjusting polymer matrix) and optimizing the physicochemical parameters and the surface of the inorganic phase. Interfacial stability can be improved by using multilayered electrolytes or applying coatings and passivation layers on electrolyte or electrode particles." "Towards machine-learning driven prognostics and health management of Li-ion batteries. A comprehensive review" "Md Sazzad Hosen, Sahar Khaleghi, Joeri Van Mierlo, Maitane Berecibar" "Prognostics and health management (PHM) has emerged as a vital research discipline for optimizing the maintenance of operating systems by detecting health degradation and accurately predicting their remaining useful life. In the context of lithium-ion batteries, PHM methodologies have gained significant attention due to their potential for enhancing battery maintenance and ensuring safe and reliable operation. Among the various approaches, data-driven methodologies, particularly those leveraging machine learning (ML) models, have gained interest for their accuracy and simplicity. To develop an optimized data-driven PHM system for batteries, a comprehensive understanding of each step involved in the PHM process is crucial. This review paper aims to address this need by providing a thorough analysis of the different phases of battery PHM, encompassing data acquisition, feature engineering, health diagnosis, and health prognosis. In contrast to previous review papers that primarily focused on battery health diagnosis and prognosis methods, this work goes beyond by encompassing all essential steps necessary for developing a tailored PHM methodology specific to lithium-ion batteries. By covering data acquisition methods, feature engineering techniques, as well as health diagnosis and prognosis methods, this paper fills a significant gap in the existing literature. It serves as a comprehensive roadmap for researchers and practitioners aiming to develop PHM systems for lithium-ion batteries using ML techniques. With its in-depth analysis and critical insights, this review paper constitutes a substantial contribution to the field. It provides valuable guidance for designing effective PHM methodologies and paves the way for further advancements in battery maintenance and management." "Optimal sizing and lifetime investigation of second life lithium-ion battery for grid-scale stationary application" "Abraham Alem Kebede, Md Sazzad Hosen, Theodoros Kalogiannis, Henok Ayele Behabtu, Marta Zemedu Assefa, Towfik Jemal, Venkata Ramayya, Joeri Van Mierlo, Thierry Coosemans, Maitane Berecibar" "The renewable energy sources (RESs) integration into the grid system aims to solve the problem of power shortage and satisfy the increasing demand with the production of surplus energy. However, the intermittent nature of these RESs (solar and wind) is a challenge to integrate with the grid system without the deployment of mitigating solutions. The re-use of first life-end-of-life (FL_EoL) electric vehicle batteries known as second life batteries (SLBs) is therefore proposed as a reliable solution to resolve this problem, satisfying the technoeconomic requirements of stationary applications. Though various studies performed on the technical viability evaluation of SLBs, most of them have not considered the field data of existing stationary plants and were found to be limited with simulation-based aging results. On the other hand, few of the studies have performed the second life aging test with limited cycles considering the end of test conditions rather than using the cells reached to their end of first life criteria. Therefore, in this paper, the prolonged cycling aging of SLBs is conducted (both cell-level and module-level aging), focusing on aging characteristics of SLBs by using a real-life renewable power smoothing profile extracted from an existing photovoltaic grid-connected system (PVGCS) installed in Ethiopia. Prior to the aging characterization of SLBs, assessment of the selected stationary application requirement, optimal sizing of the storage battery and cycling profile definition are performed using advanced moving average ramp rate controller (MARRC) algorithm. The proposed method of MARRC is used to determine the optimal SLBs capacity by analyzing the relationship between ramp-rate, initial battery capacity and window sizes of moving average control method in terms of time series. The algorithm addresses the main objectives of reducing unnecessary battery cycling, mitigating ramp-rate violations and meeting minimum storage requirements for the second-life application. From the result of the battery sizing study, the desired optimal battery capacity and the permissible ramp-rate limit below 10 %/minute is achieved. Moreover, the aging characterization and lifetime model validation results with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.5 % shows that, the technical performance of the SLBs is found to be promising with an efficiency of >90 % interpreted in terms of the service year that the SLBs can provide. Therefore, SLBs can be regarded as a viable solution for integrating RESs with the grid system for the power variability smoothing application." "Smoothing Intermittent Output Power in Grid-Connected Doubly Fed Induction GeneratorWind Turbines with Li-Ion Batteries" "Henok Ayele Behabtu, Majid Vafaeipour, Abraham Alem Kebede, Maitane Berecibar, Joeri Van Mierlo, Maarten Messagie, Thierry Coosemans, Kinde Anlay Fante" "Wind energy is an increasingly important renewable resource in today’s global energy landscape. However, it faces challenges due to the unpredictable nature of wind speeds, resulting in intermittent power generation. This intermittency can disrupt power grid stability when integrating doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs). To address this challenge, we propose integrating a Li-ion battery energy storage system (BESS) with the direct current (DC) link of grid-connected DFIGs to mitigate power fluctuations caused by variable wind speed conditions. Our approach entails meticulous battery modeling, sizing, and control methods, all tailored to match the required output power of DFIG wind turbines. To demonstrate how well our Li-ion battery solution works, we have developed a MATLAB/Simulink R2022a version model. This model enables us to compare situations with and without the Li-ion battery in various operating conditions, including steady-state and dynamic transient scenarios. We also designed a buck–boost bidirectional DC-DC converter controlled by a proportional integral controller for battery charging and discharging. The battery actively monitors the DC-link voltage of the DFIG wind turbine and dynamically adjusts its stored energy in response to the voltage level. Thus, DFIG wind turbines consistently generate 1.5 MW of active power, operating with a highly efficient power factor of 1.0, indicating there is no reactive power produced. Our simulation results confirm that Li-ion batteries effectively mitigate power fluctuations in grid-connected DFIG wind turbines. As a result, Li-ion batteries enhance grid power stability and quality by absorbing or releasing power to compensate for variations in wind energy production. Keywords: intermittent power generation; power fluctuation; DFIG wind turbine; Li-ion battery; fluctuation smoothing; wind energy sources; battery charge–discharge control" "Smoothing Intermittent Output Power in Grid-Connected Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Turbines with Li-Ion Batteries" "Henok Ayele Behabtu, Majid Vafaeipour, Abraham Alem Kebede, Maitane Berecibar, Joeri Van Mierlo, Kinde Anlay Fante, Maarten Messagie, Thierry Coosemans" "Wind energy is an increasingly important renewable resource in today’s global energy landscape. However, it faces challenges due to the unpredictable nature of wind speeds, resulting in intermittent power generation. This intermittency can disrupt power grid stability when integrating doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs). To address this challenge, we propose integrating a Li-ion battery energy storage system (BESS) with the direct current (DC) link of grid-connected DFIGs to mitigate power fluctuations caused by variable wind speed conditions. Our approach entails meticulous battery modeling, sizing, and control methods, all tailored to match the required output power of DFIG wind turbines. To demonstrate how well our Li-ion battery solution works, we have developed a MATLAB/Simulink R2022a version model. This model enables us to compare situations with and without the Li-ion battery in various operating conditions, including steady-state and dynamic transient scenarios. We also designed a buck–boost bidirectional DC-DC converter controlled by a proportional integral controller for battery charging and discharging. The battery actively monitors the DC-link voltage of the DFIG wind turbine and dynamically adjusts its stored energy in response to the voltage level. Thus, DFIG wind turbines consistently generate 1.5 MW of active power, operating with a highly efficient power factor of 1.0, indicating there is no reactive power produced. Our simulation results confirm that Li-ion batteries effectively mitigate power fluctuations in grid-connected DFIG wind turbines. As a result, Li-ion batteries enhance grid power stability and quality by absorbing or releasing power to compensate for variations in wind energy production." "A comprehensive review of novel cooling techniques and heat transfer coolant mediums investigated for battery thermal management systems in electric vehicles" "Rekabra Youssef, Theodoros Kalogiannis, Hamidreza Behi, Ashkan Pirooz, Joeri Van Mierlo, Maitane Berecibar" "In electric vehicles (EVs), battery thermal management system (BTMS) plays an essential role in keeping the battery working within the optimal operating temperature range and preventing thermal runaway. Many cooling mediums have been conducted into BTMS to transfer, absorb, or dissipate the heat generated from the batteries. Thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficient, cooling performance, cost, poison, environment, system size, and equipment needed are critical factors in choosing the ideal heat transfer coolant for the BTMS. This review paper concentrates on the novel heat transfer coolant mediums investigated for BTMS and has been rarely documented in the literature. In the scope of this review, traditional BTMS coolant mediums including air, water, phase change material (PCM), and hybrid coolants are considered, and their optimization techniques have been discussed. Additionally, a comprehensive review is provided on novel techniques and novel materials that have the possibility of enhancing the thermal performance of the battery pack on the one hand, as well as the potential of integration into BTMS with higher safety and less (weight, volume, cost, toxicity, and power consumption) compared to the classical heat transfer coolant mediums on the other hand. Evaporative, mist, spray, and nanofluid techniques are found as promising cooling techniques. In terms of environmental, availability, and non-toxicity aspect, jute has the highest possibility of being integrated into BTMS. This study will give the opportunity to see the latest research investigating novel cooling mediums, which will lead to further improvement for BTMS" "Development of composite solid polymer electrolyte for solid-state lithium battery: Incorporating LLZTO in PVDF-HFP/LiTFSI" "Poonam Yadav, Md Sazzad Hosen, Lakshmi Naga Venkata Pradeep Kumar Dammala, Pavlo Ivanchenko, Joeri Van Mierlo, Maitane Berecibar" "Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are regarded as favorable future technology as they promise to deliver high energy density and improved safety. However, despite extensive research efforts, the development of SSBs still fall short of expectations mainly because of suitable solid electrolyte which can provide high ionic conductivity as well as good flexibility to enhance interface contact between electrolyte and electrodes. In this work, we have prepared free-standing, flexible composite solid polymer electrolyte (CSPE) membranes by incorporating LLZTO ceramic particles in PVDF-HFP/LiTFSI based solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). Addition of 20 wt% LLZTO has shown to improve the electrochemical properties of the solid electrolyte such as ionic conductivity (8.2 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 60 °C), transference number, electrochemical stability and long-term interface stability with the lithium-metal also showed significant improvement. Furthermore, solid-state LiFePO4/SPE/Li and LiFePO4/CSPE/Li batteries were fabricated, and charge/discharge cycling was performed, where battery with SPE and CSPE exhibited discharge capacity of 119 mA h g−1 and 131 mA h g−1 respectively at 0.1C rate, 60 °C." "Performance Diagnostics in Photovoltaic-Lithium-Battery Installations using Inconsistent Field Data" "Alan G. Li, Xia Zeng, Wouter Parys, Md Sazzad Hosen, Theodoros Kalogiannis, Matthias Preindl, Joeri Van Mierlo, Maitane Berecibar" "Performance diagnostics of batteries in solar-photovoltaic and battery systems are important, especially if using second-life electric vehicle batteries. Currently, the battery pack is often oversized and suboptimally managed. This is partially due to the lack of high-quality data collection and processing on-site. Practical implementation of advanced diagnostics tools such as machine learning remains out of reach. Here a robust pulse-based diagnostics method is proposed for calculating the equivalent series resistance of the battery pack. It takes advantage of ‘natural’ pulse instances in the system. Feature selection of the voltage and current measurements is combined with simple regression techniques to obtain an estimate. Data from 5 real-world installations, split into 9 distinct datasets, is used to assess the method. While there was no opportunity to compare the estimates with the true resistance values, the consistency of the results suggests that our method may be generally applicable." "A comprehensive coupled 0D-ECM to 3D-CFD thermal model for heat pipe assisted-air cooling thermal management system under fast charge and discharge" "Danial Karimi, Hamidreza Behi, Maitane Berecibar, Joeri Van Mierlo" "Prediction of electrical and thermal behavior of lithium-ion capacitor (LiC) technology as an asymmetric technology is feasible by designing a precise model. Such a model should mimic the behavior of LiCs in heavy-duty applications where high current rates are applied. The developed model is used to design a management system based on efficient modeling tools, including 0D (zero-dimensional) electro-thermal models and 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) thermal models. A validated model is essential for LiCs as they operate at high dynamic current rates. In this article, the 0D second-order equivalent circuit model is developed to extract the electrical parameters of LiCs. Then, the thermal model is developed to be linked to the electrical model to make an electro-thermal platform capable of identifying the electro-thermal parameters. The characterization tests are performed within a wide range of temperatures, from the freezing temperature of −30 °C to the hot temperature of + 60 °C. Such a temperature range has never been carried out before. The validation is performed based on the owned experimental results. The applied current rates are from 0.1 A to 500 A, which shows the work's uniqueness in the field of electro-thermal modeling. Later, the extracted parameters have been set as inputs to the 3D CFD thermal model to design and develop a hybrid thermal management system (TMS) based on air cooling and heat pipes. Such a hybrid TMS maintains the maximum temperature at 24.6 °C when the temperature difference between the hottest and coldest cells is only 0.5 °C." "Life cycle assessment of a lithium-ion battery with a silicon anode for electric vehicles" "Maeva Lavigne Philippot, Daniele Costa, Giuseppe Cardellini, Lysander De Sutter, Jelle Smekens, Joeri Van Mierlo, Maarten Messagie" "New lithium-ion battery generations for electric vehicles are constantly being developed. Currently, batteries with silicon and graphite anode enter the market as third-generation batteries, with limited knowledge of their environmental impacts. This life cycle assessment study evaluates the impacts of the entire life cycle of a prototype lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2) battery with a silicon-rich anode using the ReCiPe 2016 method. This prototype battery is compared to a state-of-the-art graphite-based battery. A sensitivity analysis is carried out, and the uncertainty of the results is quantified using Monte Carlo analysis. The battery emits 265 gCO2eq/kWh delivered over its life cycle (95 % confidence interval = [219;322]). The energy use in the cell manufacturing phase is critical for all environmental impact categories grouped with climate change. The new silicon-based anode does not contribute more than 7 % to the environmental impact categories. The cathode paste production is the main contributor to ozone formation, human non-carcinogenic toxicity, fine particulate matter, terrestrial acidification, mineral resource scarcity and ecotoxicity (terrestrial, freshwater and marine). The results are sensitive to the carbon intensity of the electricity mix used in the manufacturing phase and during charging. Switching to an electricity mix based on renewable energy sources reduces the impact by up to 53 % (for freshwater eutrophication). The impact categories climate change and ozone formation have the lowest coefficient of variation, while water consumption and human carcinogenic toxicity have the highest. Third-generation batteries can be environmentally beneficial, as soon as their cycle life is sufficient: at least 180,000 km."