Titel Deelnemers "Korte inhoud" "Socioeconomic differences in associations between living in a 20-min neighbourhood and diet, physical activity and self-rated health" "Karen E. Lamb, Mark Daniel, Basile Chaix, Yan Kestens, Neil T. Coffee, Lukar Thornton" "The 20-min neighbourhood (20MN) concept aims to enable residents to meet daily needs using resources within a 20-min trip from home noting that there is no single definition of what services and amenities are required for daily needs nor what modes of transport constitute a 20 min trip. Whether 20MNs promote better health and whether associations differ by socio-economic status (SES) is unknown. Using cross-sectional data from adults randomly sampled in 2018-19 from Melbourne or Adelaide, Australia, we examined whether associations be-tween neighbourhood type (20MN/non-20MN) and diet, physical activity or self-rated health vary according to individual-or area-level SES. We found no consistent patterns of interactions. The results do not consistently support the often assumed belief that 20MNs support more healthful behaviour and that these relationships vary by SES." "Would you like fries with that? Investigating fast-food outlet availability near schools in Perth, Western Australia" "Gina S.A. Trapp, Paula Hooper, Wesley Billingham, Lukar Thornton, Ainslie Sartori, Kelly Kennington, Amanda Devine, Stephanie Godrich, Ros Sambell, Justine Howard, Alexia Bivoltsis" "Issue addressedLocating fast-food outlets near schools is a potential public health risk to schoolchildren, given the easy access and repeated exposure to energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods they provide. Fast-food outlet availability near schools has not been previously investigated in Perth, Western Australia. This study aimed to quantify fast-food outlet availability near Perth schools and determine whether differences in area-level disadvantage and school type exist. MethodsFast-food outlet locations were sourced from Perth Local Governments in 2018/2019. All Perth Primary (n = 454), Secondary (n = 107) and K-12 (n = 94) schools were assigned an area-level disadvantage decile ranking based on the Australian Bureau of Statistics Socio-Economic Index for Areas (SEIFA). Regression models assessed whether fast-food outlet availability within 400 m, 800 m and 1 km of schools differed by school type (ie, Primary/Secondary/K-12) or SEIFA. ResultsSecondary schools were significantly more likely than Primary and K-12 schools to have a higher presence and density of fast-food outlets and the ""Top 4"" fast-food outlet chains (McDonalds, Hungry Jacks, KFC and Red Rooster) nearby. Schools located in low socio-economic status (SES) areas had a significantly higher density of fast-food outlets within 400 m, and ""Top 4"" fast-food outlet chains within 400 m and 1 km, than schools located in high SES area. ConclusionsPerth schools are surrounded by fast-food outlets with densities significantly higher around secondary schools and schools located in lower SES areas. So what?Policies and regulations aimed at reducing fast-food outlets near schools is an essential strategy to improve dietary intakes and reduce obesity in schoolchildren." "The community food environment and its association with diet, health or weight status in Australia" "Alexia Bivoltsis, Hayley Christian, Gina L. Ambrosini, Paula Hooper, Claire E. Pulker, Lukar Thornton, Gina S.A. Trapp" "Issue addressedThis study systematically reviewed Australian literature to determine if an association exists between geospatial exposure to food outlets and diet, health or weight status. Recommendations for future research are provided. MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted in December 2021 using CINAHL Plus, PubMed and Web of Science databases. Data were extracted, as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Study quality was assessed using an eight-item checklist. A descriptive synthesis of study characteristics and findings was carried out, stratified via study outcomes. ResultsOf the 36 included articles, the majority were from Victoria (n = 19), involving adult participants (n = 30) and cross-sectional in design (n = 27). Overall, associations were mainly null (nonsignificant) for diet (80%), weight status (75%) and health outcomes (90%). Significant findings were mixed with no positive trend with study quality. ConclusionsSix recommendations are suggested to address current knowledge gaps and limitations in the Australian evidence base: (1) Conduct research on different populations; (2) Employ robust study designs that can test the impact of change over time; (3) Improve the accuracy of food outlet data sources; (4) Improve food outlet geospatial exposure measures; (5) Improve measurement of outcome variables; and (6) Incorporate theoretical models into study design and data analysis. So what?Improving the quality and consistency of research will be critical to informing locally relevant policy. Despite the present limitations in the evidence base, it is reasonable to assume that decisions to purchase and consume food are driven by availability and access. Thus, policy and planning aimed at improving the overall ""healthiness"" of the community food environment by increasing access to healthy food outlets is warranted to ensure that healthy options are easier choice for all." "Associations between coastal proximity and children's mental health in Australia" "Laura H. Oostenbach, Jennifer Noall, Karen E. Lamb, Amber L. Pearson, Suzanne Mavoa, Lukar Thornton" "Limited research has explored associations between blue spaces and mental health, specifically in children. This study assessed links between coastal proximity and depression and anxiety among children in Australia and tested whether duration of residency at current address moderated associations. It also explored associations between within-individual changes in coastal proximity and changes in depression and anxiety. Data were from 2400 children aged 11-12 years in Wave 5 (2012) and aged 14-15 years in Wave 6 (2014) of the national Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Outcomes were children's self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety. Exposure was coastal proximity (" "Cross-sectional associations between work and commute hours with frequency and location of food outlet visits" "Laura Helena Oostenbach, Karen Elaine Lamb, David Crawford, Anna Timperio, Lukar Thornton" "The 20-minute neighbourhood (20MN) concept seeks to promote healthy and local living through the provision of everyday amenities and services close to home. This study explored if 20MNs benefit workers with long work -related time demands who may have less time to interact with their local neighbourhood. It assessed associations between work and commute hours with frequency and location of food outlet visits, and tested whether neighbourhood type (20MN vs. non-20MN) moderated these associations. Results suggested up-to-full-time (1-38 h/week) and overtime workers (>38 h/week) tend to visit their primary supermarket less often than non-workers (0 h/week). Overtime workers were more likely to frequently visit out-of-home food outlets than non-workers. Up-to-full-time workers were more likely to visit a greater variety of food stores than non-workers if they had a 20MN but not if they had a non-20MN. Compared to non-workers, overtime workers with a non-20MN more frequently visited cafe ' s and used delivery services from supermarkets or meal/recipe box suppliers, but that was not the case for those with a 20MN. Most frequently visited outlets were closer to home for those with a 20MN, suggesting the 20MN concept holds the potential to encourage more local living." "Do 20-minute neighbourhoods moderate associations between work and commute hours with food consumption?" "Laura Helena Oostenbach, Karen Elaine Lamb, David Crawford, Anna Timperio, Lukar Thornton" "Objective:To examine associations between work and commute hours with food consumption and test whether neighbourhood type (20-minute neighbourhood (20MN)/non-20MN) moderate associations. Design:Cross-sectional analysis of the Places and Locations for Activity and Nutrition study (ProjectPLAN). Exposures were work hours (not working (0 h), working up to full-time (1-38 h/week), working overtime (> 38 h/week)), and among those employed, combined weekly work and commute hours (continuous). Outcomes were usual consumption of fruit, vegetables, takeaway food, snacks and soft drinks, and number of discretionary food types (takeaway, snacks and soft drinks) consumed weekly. Generalised linear models were fitted to examine associations between each exposure and outcome. The moderating role of neighbourhood type was examined through interaction terms between each exposure and neighbourhood type (20MN/non-20MN). Setting:Melbourne and Adelaide, Australia, 2018-2019. Participants:Adults >= 18 years old (n 769). Results:Although all confidence intervals contained the null, overall, patterns suggested non-workers and overtime workers have less healthy food behaviours than up-to-full-time workers. Among those employed, analysis of continuous work and commute hours data suggested longer work and commute hours were positively associated with takeaway consumption (OR = 1 center dot 014, 95 % CI 0 center dot 999, 1 center dot 030, P-value = 0 center dot 066). Patterns of better behaviours were observed across most outcomes for those in 20MN than non-20MN. However, differences in associations between work and commute hours with food consumption across neighbourhood type were negligible. Conclusions:Longer work and commute hours may induce poorer food behaviours. There was weak evidence to suggest 20MN moderate associations between work and commute hours with food consumption, although behaviours appeared healthier for those in 20MN." "Operationalising the 20-minute neighbourhood" "Lukar Thornton, Ralf-Dieter Schroers, Karen E. Lamb, Mark Daniel, Kylie Ball, Basile Chaix, Yan Kestens, Keren Best, Laura Oostenbach, Neil T. Coffee" "Background Recent rapid growth in urban areas and the desire to create liveable neighbourhoods has brought about a renewed interest in planning for compact cities, with concepts like the 20-minute neighbourhood (20MN) becoming more popular. A 20MN broadly reflects a neighbourhood that allows residents to meet their daily (non-work) needs within a short, non-motorised, trip from home. The 20MN concept underpins the key planning strategy of Australia's second largest city, Melbourne, however the 20MN definition has not been operationalised. This study aimed to develop and operationalise a practical definition of the 20MN and apply this to two Australian state capital cities: Melbourne (Victoria) and Adelaide (South Australia). Methods Using the metropolitan boundaries for Melbourne and Adelaide, data were sourced for several layers related to five domains: 1) healthy food; 2) recreational resources; 3) community resources; 4) public open space; and 5) public transport. The number of layers and the access measures required for each domain differed. For example, the recreational resources domain only required a sport and fitness centre (gym) within a 1.5-km network path distance, whereas the public open space domain required a public open space within a 400-m distance along a pedestrian network and 8 ha of public open space area within a 1-km radius. Locations that met the access requirements for each of the five domains were defined as 20MNs. Results In Melbourne 5.5% and in Adelaide 7.6% of the population were considered to reside in a 20MN. Within areas classified as residential, the median number of people per square kilometre with a 20MN in Melbourne was 6429 and the median number of dwellings per square kilometre was 3211. In Adelaide's 20MNs, both population density (3062) and dwelling density (1440) were lower than in Melbourne. Conclusions The challenge of operationalising a practical definition of the 20MN has been addressed by this study and applied to two Australian cities. The approach can be adapted to other contexts as a first step to assessing the presence of existing 20MNs and monitoring further implementation of this concept." "High hopes for front-of-pack (FOP) nutrition labels? A conjoint analysis on the trade-offs between a FOP label, nutrition claims, brand and price for different consumer segments" "Elke Godden, Lukar Thornton, Yana Avramova, Nathalie Dens" "An increasing number of studies investigate the effect of front-of-pack (FOP) nutrition labels on consumer choice without considering differences in consumer preferences for product attributes. This study used a choice-based conjoint analysis to test consumers' preferences for four product attributes (5 levels of a FOP nutrition label, absence/presence of a nutrition claim, brand (unfamiliar, private label or premium) and 5 levels of price) when they coexist (n = 1156). As the consumer preferences showed distinct patterns (multimodality), consumers were subsequently clustered based on how a FOP nutrition label (Nutri-Score) influenced their food choices. Three consumer segments were identified, each valuing the Nutri-Score label differently. The label effectively seems to nudge one segment towards healthier choices (n = 456), while in contrast, another segment is unexpectedly steered toward unhealthier food choices by the label (n = 343). The third segment is only consistently nudged by the FOP label's extremes (n = 357). The segments also differ in their preferences for other product attributes (brand and price), health involvement, and self-reported understanding and use of the Nutri-Score, but not in the measured socio-demographic variables (age, sex, education, social class), dieting or smoking habits. In summary, consumers vary in their food label preferences, and studies that pool consumers may fail to capture these nuances, leading to biased results. This study shows that FOP labels do not steer all consumers toward healthier choices and may even have adverse effects for some. This suggests combining different policies and marketing strategies to reach all consumer segments." "Influence of work hours and commute time on food practices" "Laura Helena Oostenbach, Karen Elaine Lamb, David Crawford, Lukar Thornton" "Objectives Work hours and commute time are key contributors to time scarcity, with potential detrimental implications for healthy eating. This study examined (1) associations between work and commute hours with food practices and (2) within-individual associations between changes in work and commute hours with changes in food practices. Design Longitudinal study Setting Australia Participants Data were from 14 807 respondents in waves 7 (2007), 9 (2009), 13 (2013) and 17 (2017) of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. The sample for this analysis included individuals who were in paid employment in at least one of the four waves. Primary and secondary outcome measures Outcomes included frequency of out-of-home food purchasing for breakfast, lunch, dinner and all three summed eating occasions, and fruit and vegetables consumption. Results Results indicated the longer individuals spent working and commuting, the more likely they were to purchase out-of-home foods (frequency of total out-of-home food purchasing: incidence rate ratio (IRR)=1.007 (95% CI 1.007 to 1.008)), and the less they consumed fruit and vegetables, although reductions in fruit and vegetables servings were minimal (fruit: beta=-0.002 (95% CI -0.003 to -0.001), vegetables: beta=-0.002 (95% CI -0.003 to -0.001)). Similar results regarding associations with out-of-home food purchasing were observed when examining within-individual changes (IRR=1.006 (95% CI 1.005 to 1.007)). Conclusions Results suggest employment-related time demands push towards more frequent out-of-home food purchasing. In the long term, this may have negative health consequences as out-of-home foods tend to be less healthy than home-prepared foods." "Socio-economic patterning of food and drink advertising at public transport stops in Edinburgh, UK" "Tony Robertson, Ruth Jepson, Kyle Lambe, Jonathan R. Olsen, Lukar Thornton" "Objective: Outdoor advertisements for food and drink products form a large part of the food environment and they disproportionately promote unhealthy products. However, less is known about the social patterning of such advertisements. The main aim of this study was to explore the socio-economic patterning of food and drink advertising at bus stops in Scotland's capital city, Edinburgh. Design: Bus stop advertisements were audited to identify food/drink adverts and classify them by food/drink category (i.e. 'advert category'). This data were then linked to area-based deprivation and proximity measures. Neighbourhood deprivation was measured using the bus stop x/y co-ordinates, which were converted to postcodes to identify the matching 2012 deprivation level via the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation. Distance to schools and leisure centres were also collected using location data. Generalised estimating equations and linear regression analyses were used to assess associations between the promotion of advert categories and deprivation and proximity to schools/leisure centres, respectively. Setting: Edinburgh city, United Kingdom. Results: 561 food/drink advertisements were identified across 349 bus stops, with 8 advertisement categories noted and included in the final analysis, including alcohol, fast food outlets and confectionary. The majority of adverts were for 'unhealthy' food and drink categories, however there was no evidence for any socio-economic patterning of these advertisements. There was no evidence of a relationship between advertisements and proximity to schools and leisure centres. Conclusions: While there is no evidence for food and drink advertising being patterned by neighbourhood deprivation, the scale of unhealthy advertising is an area for policy evaluations and interventions on the control of such outdoor advertising."