Titel Deelnemers "Korte inhoud" "Morphogenesis of the theory and design principles of riveted connections in historical iron and steel structures" "Quentin Collette, Leen Lauriks, Koen Verswijver" "Riveting was one of the major joining techniques used in the 19th and 20th centuries to assemble iron and steel components. When renovating these historical riveted structures, today's architects and engineers are faced with a lack of information on the riveting theory and more specifically on the original design principles. To fill this gap, this paper provides insights into the design principles of historical riveted joints by examining the content of former calculation methods (practical rules, experiments, and formulas) and their evolution over time. By investigating these theoretical foundations, this study reveals possible design errors and clarifies the design choices made by engineers of the past, who privileged, for example, geometrical considerations via practical ratios, neglected the friction grip, etc. The analytical approach leading to these outcomes is based on two main steps. First, an assessment is made of former calculation methods, covering issues such as the joining typologies, bearing principles, design stresses, formulas, calculations, and simplifying assumptions. Then, the historical design principles are confronted with the present regulation (Eurocode 1993-1-8) through a case study: calculations are made using past and current formulas for one riveted joint from the 1888 wrought-iron structure of the Brussels Cinquantenaire north hall (Belgium)." "A Study on the Evolution in Design and Calculation of Iron and Steel Structures over the Mid 19th Century in Western and Central Europe" "Luc Schueremans, Henri Porcher, Barbara Rossi, Ine Wouters, Els Verstrynge" "The design of metallic structures in the 19th century is a subject topic of much admiration, as many emblematic structures that are currently withstanding the test of time have become part of our built cultural heritage. Knowledge on the assumptions and design procedures available at that time is of importance to structural engineering nowadays. It allows for the understanding, maintaining and safe extending of the service life of historical metallic structures. The goal of this article is to describe the evolution in the design and calculation of metallic structures during the second half of the 19th century, with focus on Western and Central Europe. Special attention is paid to the similarities and differences between the 19th century design rules and the current structural design standards. Based on a literature survey, the evolution in terms of load definition, calculation methods, material properties, and verifications are described. Different design aspects are illustrated through a case study: The Garabit viaduct in France" "Morphogenesis of the theory and design principles of riveted connections in historical iron and steel structures" "Quentin Collette, Ine Wouters, Leen Lauriks, Koen Verswijver" "The gap between theory, practice and regulations in design criteria for iron and steel structures in 19th century France" "Hannah Franz, Mario Rinke, Emilie Lepretre, Lamine Dieng" "In the 19th century, the concept for designing metallic structures was to compare the stresses resulting from the loads with a working stress, a fraction of the ultimate strength of the material. The choice of the working stress depended mainly on the experience and theoretical knowledge of designers as early regulations left a lot of flexibility to engineers. This paper traces the evolution of French design criteria used in practice for elements made of wrought iron or mild steel, working in tension or compression, based on an extensive survey of the French literature of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. These design criteria are compared with original design reports of train sheds from the archives of the French railway company SNCF." "Riveted connections in historical iron and steel structures: one turbulent century of technological, structural and geometrical considerations (1840–1940)." "Quentin Collette, Leen Lauriks, Koen Verswijver" "Pouvant être considérés comme l'une des plus importantes techniques d'assemblage des structures en fer et en acier datant de la période 1840-1940, les assemblages rivetés étaient utilisés pour joindre des éléments porteurs structurels ainsi que pour la fabrication de profilés reconstitués. La technique du rivetage connut de multiples évolutions majeures au fil du temps - théorie, installation et conception - et les ingénieurs et architectes actuels sont directement confrontés à cette complexité lors de projets de rénovation de ces constructions métalliques. La présente recherche originale a pour but d'enrichir la connaissance fondamentale liée aux rivets en traitant de leur évolution sur une période d'un siècle (1840-1940). Cette étude se fonde sur le contenu de sources historiques variées (manuels, cours, traités, livres, brevets) en confrontation avec les résultats de publications plus récentes (thèse, articles). Trois thématiques principales sont analysées dans le cadre de cette étude approfondie : la technologie du rivetage et ses innovations (usage, définition, techniques de fabrication et d'installation), la résistance des assemblages rivetés (principe porteur, mécanismes de ruine) ainsi que l'importance cruciale de l'influence des paramètres géométriques (rapports de proportion et règles pratiques, forme de la tête du rivet, typologies d'assemblage et dispositions)." "Towards a non-destructive methodology to distinguish wrought iron from mild steel in 19th century structures" "Dieter Van De Velde, Quentin Collette, Michael De Bouw" "During the 19th century various new construction materials became available in a short time. This paper deals with the quest for a methodology to differentiate wrought iron from mild steel by using a combination of several onsite non-destructive testing instruments. A mobile Vickers hardness tester and an optical microscope were used to determine the hardness and analyze the microstructure after onsite polishing and nital etching of historic wrought iron and mild steel structures. The historic specimens were also tested in a destructive way (tensile test) to obtain values for the mechanical properties and relate these values to the NDT results. Although the hardness measurements showed very large scatter, a trend in the measurements could be defined: large variations in local hardness measurements are a clear indication of wrought iron, which can be explained by the inhomogeneous micro-structure. Low variation in hardness is typical for mild steel. In the latter case a conversion from hardness to tensile strength is possible. The obtained dataset, coming from different Belgian structures dating from 1895 to 1905, is compared to datasets originating from the UK and US in order to position the Belgian historical iron alloys within a larger international context" "Towards a non-destructive methodology to distinguish wrought iron into a mild steel in the 19th century structures" "I. Wouters, I. de Graeve, D. van de Velde, Michael de Bouw, Q. Collette" "Iron and steel construction workshops in 19th and early 20th century Belgium: retrieving their oeuvre via trade catalogues" "Ine Wouters, Romain Wibaut" "In the 19th century iron and steel were worldwide applied to construct halls, markets, stations and bridges. Belgium, being an early industrialised country on the European mainland, was famous for its iron and steel construction workshops and the export of iron and steel structures. Yet, the majority of the early Belgian construction workshops is hardly studied. As company archives of Belgian construction workshops are seldom preserved, we studied trade catalogues of Belgian workshops involved in the construction of iron and steel bridges and buildings in the 19th and early-20th centuries. By focusing on catalogues, we offer insight into the oeuvre of these companies on the one hand, and on the other hand, we provide a broader context for the individual built structures worldwide." "Iron and steel construction workshops in 19th and early 20th century Belgium: retrieving their oeuvre via trade catalogues" "Romain Wibaut" "Stability and crystal structures of iron carbides" "C.M. Fang, Marijn Van Huis, B.J. Thijsse, H.W. Zandbergen" "Iron carbides play a crucial role in steel manufacturing and processing and to a large extent determine the physical properties of steel products. The modified embedded atom method (MEAM) in combination with Lee's Fe-C potential is a good candidate for molecular dynamics simulations on larger Fe-C systems. Here, we investigate the stability and crystal structures of pure iron and binary iron carbides using MEAM and compare them with the experimental data and quantum-mechanical density functional theory calculations. The analysis shows that the Fe-C potential gives reasonable results for the relative stability of iron and iron carbides. The performance of MEAM for the prediction of the potential energy and the calculated lattice parameters at elevated temperature for pure iron phases and cementite are investigated as well. The conclusion is that Lee's MEAM Fe-C potential provides a promising basis for further molecular dynamics simulations of Fe-C alloys and steels at lower temperatures (up to 800 K)."