Particle swarm optimization for optimal powertrain component sizing and design of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle Vrije Universiteit Brussel
In this paper, an optimal design to minimize the cost, mass and volume of the fuel cell (FC) and supercapacitor (SC) in a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle is presented. Because of the hybrid powertrain, component sizing significantly affects vehicle performance, cost and fuel economy. Hence, during sizing, various design and control constraints should also be satisfied simultaneously. In this research, there are two optimization techniques ...