Effect of higher-order stress gradients on the centennial mass evolution of the Greenland ice sheet Vrije Universiteit Brussel KU Leuven
We use a three-dimensional thermo-mechanically coupled model of the Greenland ice sheet to assess the effects of marginal perturbations on volume changes on centennial time scales. The model is designed to allow for five ice dynamic formulations using different approximations to the force balance. The standard model is based on the shallow ice approximation for both ice deformation and basal sliding. A second model version relies on a ...